Tax Accountant for Hardware Startups in Ontario and Across Canada
A hardware company collects money long before it has anything to ship. A campaign closes in April, the tooling is ordered in July, the first parcels leave in February, and how that April money is taxed is settled by the terms the backers agreed to. Where an amount is received for goods still to be delivered, paragraph 12(1)(a) of the Income Tax Act takes it into income and paragraph 20(1)(m) gives you the offsetting reserve, so the income lands in the year the unit does. For GST/HST the split is sharper: subsection 168(9) of the Excise Tax Act holds a genuine deposit outside consideration until it is applied against the price, while a prepayment for an identified product is consideration when it is paid under subsection 168(1). We read your campaign wording and decide which one you have. We cost the bill of materials to a landed cost per unit with freight and customs duty attached to the goods, keep material burned proving a prototype apart from material going into saleable units, report option grants under section 7 with the subsection 7(1.1) deferral, and put bench equipment in Class 8 at 20%. AFFORDABLE fixed fees, quoted before we start.
AFFORDABLE Hardware Startup Tax Accountant
Nothing about the money in a hardware company arrives in the order the bookkeeping expects. A software business bills after it delivers. A hardware business is funded by people who have been promised a thing that does not exist yet. The campaign closes, the pledges clear, and for nine months the bank balance reads like profit while the obligation behind it is a warehouse of unbuilt units. Then the real cost lands in a lump: a tool to be cut, a reel of components bought on a lead time nobody controls, an ocean freight invoice, a duty bill, a certification lab. Meanwhile the engineers are being paid in shares because there is no payroll to pay them from. Pre-order and crowdfunding receipts are not revenue merely because the money cleared: paragraph 12(1)(a) of the Income Tax Act brings the amount in and paragraph 20(1)(m) allows a reserve against the goods still owed, which is how the income ends up in the year the product ships. Components, inbound freight and customs duty are part of what the goods cost rather than expenses of the month they were paid. And material consumed proving a design works is a different animal from the identical material going into units that already have a buyer. At Gondaliya CPA we set those distinctions up while they are still a chart of accounts decision rather than a restatement.
As an accountant for hardware startups we act for connected-device and sensor teams, robotics and automation builders, consumer-electronics brands taking a first production run to market, instrument and test-gear companies, and founders still working from a bench with a breadboard and a contract manufacturer quote in hand. We stay with you through the year, because the decisions that matter here are all made long before a return is filed.
Let us carry the books, the filings and the campaign accounting while you get the product built.

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Accounting That Understands How a Hardware Startup Actually Works
A hardware company is funded in one order and spends in another. Cash arrives from backers and pre-order customers against goods that do not exist, the largest outflows are a tool and a component order placed months ahead of revenue, the units sit on the balance sheet at a cost nobody has computed, and the engineering record behind a shipped revision has to be findable years later. Those four facts are what Gondaliya CPA designs the ledger and the return around, for hardware teams right across Ontario.
Stay Compliant and Minimize Your Hardware Startup Tax
A hardware company can be pre-revenue in one year and shipping thousands of units in the next, which makes punctual filing and a defensible tax position a single exercise rather than two. We keep the T2, the HST returns and the payroll remittances current while making sure losses, component cost and the obligation to backers all sit where they belong, so nothing is forfeited and nothing invites a second look.
Accounting & Tax Experts for Hardware Startups
- AFFORDABLE + Registered CPA Firm
- Business and Corporate Tax Expert
- Small & Medium Business Expert
- Accounting, bookkeeping, and tax filing
- CPA (Chartered Professional Accountant)
- 1300+ 5-star Google reviews
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Why Choose Our Accounting Services for Hardware Startups?
Tax Planning — Campaign Money & Unit Cost
We match the reserve release to your fulfilment schedule, build landed cost into the bill of materials before the first run is placed, and keep the development losses alive for the year revenue arrives.
Consulting — What a Unit Actually Costs
Our bookkeeping prices each revision to a landed cost per unit, so the margin on a reward tier is a number you can defend to a backer, a distributor and a lender rather than a figure you hope is close.
CRA Representation — Pledges, Stock and Options
When CRA asks how campaign money was reserved, how a unit was costed or how a founder’s shares were reported, we assemble the terms, the costing papers and the grant records and answer the letter.
Bookkeeping — Cash Across the Build
We forecast the gap between a campaign closing and units shipping, model the tooling and component order against it, and produce statements a supplier or an investor reads without an explanation attached.
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Hardware Startup Clients
Hardware Startup Tax and Accounting Services in Ontario
Corporate Tax Filing (T2) for Hardware Startups
T2 preparation with pledge and pre-order money reserved under paragraph 20(1)(m), stock at landed cost, and recapture settled on every disposal.
Bookkeeping & Accounting for Hardware Startups
Books that follow a unit from bill of materials to shipped order, with component, freight and duty cost attached to the goods instead of lost in monthly expenses.
Payroll Services for Hardware Startups
Payroll for engineers, technicians and assembly staff, with remittances on the PD7A account, the February slip filings handled, and WSIB in place from day one.
GST/HST Filing for Hardware Startups
AFFORDABLE HST filing with 13% charged on Ontario sales, campaign receipts placed correctly under subsection 168(9) or subsection 168(1), and input tax credits recovered on components and tooling.
Tax Planning for Hardware Startups
Planning on option grants under section 7, the development years’ losses, tooling and equipment purchase timing, and the share sale a hardware founder eventually wants to make.
Corporate Catch-Up Filing for Hardware Startups
Missing T2 and HST years brought up to date, with the backer obligation and the asset pools reconstructed year by year until the corporation is current again.
CRA Audit Resolution for Hardware Startups
Support on reserve computations, unit costing, prototype expenditure and option reporting reviews, carried from the first letter through to resolution.
CPA Financial Statements (Notice to Reader) for Hardware Startups
CPA-compiled statements investors and component distributors accept, with undelivered pre-orders and stock presented for what they actually are.
Incorporation Services for Hardware Startups
The company set up end to end: name search, articles, a share structure with room for an option pool, and a section 85 transfer on Form T2057.
Catch-Up Bookkeeping Services for Hardware Startups
Years of component invoices, freight bills, customs entries and platform payouts reconstructed and reconciled until the stock and asset schedules are finally right.
US Corporation & LLC Tax Filing for Hardware Startups
Cross-border filing where units ship to American backers, a founder or shareholder is non-resident, or a United States entity sits in the structure, including T1135 reporting.
Voluntary Disclosure Program for Hardware Startups
Unreported campaign proceeds, HST never charged on pre-orders and option benefits that never reached a T4, all corrected through a Voluntary Disclosures Program submission with the penalties relieved.
Accounting & Tax Services Tailored for Hardware Startups
Practitioner-level CPA work for connected-device and sensor teams, robotics builders, consumer-electronics brands taking a first production run to market, and instrument companies across Ontario — built for a business paid before it ships and spending before it sells. One note on research credits, since founders ask first: experimental development under section 37 of the Income Tax Act turns on resolving a genuine technological uncertainty on a physical prototype, which is neither the routine engineering that carries a settled design to a working unit nor commercial production once the design is frozen. The claim goes on Form T661, and the enhanced refundable rate available to a Canadian-controlled private corporation is subject to an expenditure limit that depends on the size of the corporation. We handle it inside the engagement and set out the detail on our SR&ED tax credit claims page.
- Crowdfunding proceeds, direct pre-orders, distributor purchase orders and any design or licensing fee are reported on separate GIFI lines across schedules 100 and 125, so the return shows a reader what the company actually sells.
- Paragraph 12(1)(a) of the Income Tax Act catches money held for units nobody has received yet, and paragraph 20(1)(m) hands back a reserve measured on the goods still owed, which is what puts the income in the shipping year.
- We value component stock, part-built assemblies and finished units the way subsection 10(1) requires, at the lower of cost and fair market value, noting separately where net realizable value under ASPE differs.
- Capital cost allowance goes on Schedule 8, with lab benches, test and measurement equipment and office furniture in Class 8 at 20%, a company vehicle in Class 10 at 30% and servers in Class 50 at 55%.
- Small tools, and a jig, a pattern, a die or a mould you own to make your own parts, sit in Class 12 at 100%, and subsection 13(1) returns recapture where any of it leaves above undepreciated capital cost.
- We build your bill of materials into the ledger line by line, so each revision carries a component cost traceable to supplier invoices rather than to a spreadsheet nobody has reconciled since the last design change.
- Inbound freight, customs duty and brokerage are attached to the goods they arrived with, which is what produces a landed cost per unit, instead of landing in whichever month the forwarder sent its invoice.
- Pledge and pre-order receipts are posted against the obligation they create rather than to sales, so your statements never show a quarter of profit that is really a warehouse of units you still owe people.
- Material and bench hours consumed proving a design are coded apart from material going into units that already have a buyer, because the two are treated differently and nobody can separate them convincingly later.
- Component invoices, freight bills, customs entries and platform payout statements are captured through Dext and reconciled monthly, so each deduction has a document behind it and no input tax credit sits unrecovered.
- Whether a firmware contractor, a designer or an assembly hand is your employee or in business on their own account turns on the facts of that engagement, so we review each one and file the right slip.
- We take over withholding and remitting income tax, CPP and EI against your PD7A account, and we watch the dates, because lateness is priced on a sliding scale topping out at 10% rather than at one flat rate.
- Nothing may slip past the last day of February: that is the deadline for the T4 slips and the T4 Summary, which we build from the payroll register and prove against the PD7A account before anything is submitted.
- We register WSIB coverage before the first hire, because a bench with a soldering station, a bandsaw and a crate of lithium cells is a workplace, and an unregistered employer funds any claim itself.
- Ontario employer health tax begins to apply once annual payroll exceeds the $1,000,000 exemption, and engineering salaries take a company there faster than founders expect, so we hold a running total and warn you a year out.
- The small-supplier line sits at $30,000 of taxable revenue across four consecutive calendar quarters. Most businesses walk up to it slowly. A crowdfunding launch can carry a company through it between a Friday and a Monday.
- A deposit is not consideration until it is applied against the price, which is what subsection 168(9) of the Excise Tax Act provides, while a prepayment for an identified product is consideration when paid under subsection 168(1).
- Which of those two your campaign money is depends on how the pledge was worded and on what a backer can actually get back, so we read the campaign page and the refund policy first.
- Units supplied in Ontario carry 13% HST whether they go to a backer, a direct pre-order customer, a distributor or a retailer, and we set the tax codes so the platform payout statement reconciles to the return.
- We recover the input tax credits on components, tooling, bench and test equipment, enclosure samples, certification testing and inbound freight, which in the year a company commissions a tool is usually a refund.
- Section 7 of the Income Tax Act governs what happens when you pay people in equity, and subsection 7(1.1) lets an employee of a Canadian-controlled private corporation defer the benefit until the shares are sold.
- That deferral is worth a great deal to an engineer who took options in place of salary, so we confirm the corporation genuinely qualifies and keep the grant records needed years later when those shares finally move.
- A pre-revenue year is not a small business deduction year: section 125 puts roughly 11.2% (from July 1, 2026) combined Ontario tax on the first $500,000 of active business income, and a company running losses is not using it.
- What a loss year does leave behind is non-capital losses available to carry forward, so we track them deliberately and plan the first shipping year around having them in hand rather than finding them on an assessment.
- We line tooling, bench equipment and computer purchases up with your fiscal year end, because 20% on a Class 8 bench and 55% on a Class 50 server reward completely different timing on the same dollar.
- We rebuild campaign payouts, pre-order sales and distributor invoices from platform settlement reports, processor statements and bank deposits across your unfiled years, so each return rests on a reconstructed record.
- We work out what was still owed to backers at each missed year end, because a catch-up return that treats every pledge as revenue on receipt only pushes a larger problem into a later year.
- Component purchases, freight and duty expensed outright in a missing year are moved back into the cost of the units they belong to, so a year that looked like a loss is restated defensibly.
- Tooling and equipment written off on purchase have to be returned to Class 8, Class 12 or Class 50 and the pools rebuilt forward, because one year overstated and every later year understated will not survive review.
- If the backlog is deep enough, going to the Voluntary Disclosures Program first beats waiting to be found: Form RC199 gets you in while CRA has still not written to you, and relief turns on that order of events.
- When CRA asks how the reserve against undelivered units was computed, we produce the campaign terms, the fulfilment schedule, the unit cost working paper and the shipping records behind the figure that was claimed.
- Subsection 152(7) is the provision that makes paperwork matter: an assessment need not follow the figures on a filed return, and once raised on some other basis it is the corporation that must dislodge it.
- On an expenditure review we separate what was consumed getting a design to work from what went into units that already had a buyer, using the engineering change records and the build logs.
- When a disposal of tooling or test equipment is examined we show the recapture computation against undepreciated capital cost, because a fixture scrapped as a revision changed is a disposal whether anybody recorded it or not.
- A wrong reassessment gets challenged, and where penalties and interest grew out of how a previous accountant handled the file rather than anything you decided, we apply separately for relief on Form RC4288.
- We produce compilation engagement financial statements across two fiscal years, which is what an investor, a distributor opening terms or an equipment lender asks for before backing a company with no trading history.
- Your statement of financial position shows what is still owed to backers and pre-order customers on its own line, because on an early hardware balance sheet that obligation is frequently larger than everything else combined.
- Component stock, part-built assemblies and finished units are presented at a cost that includes landed freight and duty, with the basis of valuation stated, so a reader is not guessing what the figure contains.
- Tooling, bench and test equipment, computers and vehicles are carried at net book value by class rather than as one lump, because a lender underwrites a custom tool it could never resell very differently from a workstation.
- We deliver on a date agreed when your records arrive, because a hardware financing round or a supplier credit decision moves on a calendar that will not wait on an accountant unwilling to commit to one.
- We incorporate in Ontario and set the share structure with an option pool in mind from the first day, because retrofitting room for employee equity into a two-share company later is slower and more expensive.
- Where the prototype work happened outside a company, Form T2057 elects the amounts at which the designs, the tooling, the parts on hand and the goodwill cross into the corporation, so incorporating is not a taxable sale of your own work.
- We confirm the corporation is Canadian-controlled and help keep it that way through the first financing, because the subsection 7(1.1) option deferral and the enhanced research credit rate both depend on that status.
- The business number, the HST account, the payroll account and the WSIB registration all go in at setup, because a company whose campaign closes in month three has no spare weeks to learn how to charge tax or withhold from a cheque.
- We build the chart of accounts with the bill of materials, landed cost, undelivered pre-orders and prototype spending separated from the first entry, so the records accumulate properly instead of needing a rebuild later.
- We rebuild months or years of books from bank records, component invoices, customs paperwork and platform payout reports, so a company that shipped a campaign without bookkeeping gets a ledger it can file from.
- We reconstruct what was owed to backers at each year end out of the fulfilment records, because a caught-up ledger that shows a campaign as clean revenue on receipt is not caught up in any useful sense.
- We rebuild the asset schedule item by item and then separate tooling, bench and test equipment, computers and vehicles into their own capital cost classes, because a neglected hardware file arrives as a single pool.
- We recover input tax credits buried in unentered component orders, tool payments, certification invoices and freight bills, which across two unreconciled years is routinely a material refund rather than a rounding item.
- Wages and contractor payments are traced back to the PD7A account and to whatever slips went out, so the catch-up return rests on money that really left the bank, not a figure invented to balance a year.
- A crowdfunding launch reaches American backers from the first hour, so we review where each supply was made and what shipping units across the border means for the HST treatment and for the corporate return.
- A non-resident shareholder changes what a dividend costs to pay out: Part XIII withholding applies, a treaty may cut the rate, and NR4 reporting follows the payment, so we settle the rate before the money moves.
- Specified foreign property above the reporting threshold calls for Form T1135, and we file it rather than hope nobody notices, since the penalty attaches to the omission itself and not to any tax owing.
- American citizenship anywhere in the founding team or the cap table drags United States filing duties into a Canadian corporation, and those duties do not pause because the company is small, so we run both sets together.
- We align the two filings so foreign tax is credited rather than paid twice, which on a first shipping year carrying substantial American pre-orders is the difference between a working cash position and a stalled one.
- We bring a company forward where pledge and pre-order money went straight to revenue and was never reserved, because restating it changes the income of every open year and a disclosure costs far less than a reassessment.
- We disclose HST that was never charged on pre-orders sold to Ontario customers, an error that compounds quietly across a campaign and a fulfilment year running thousands of small orders through one payment processor.
- We disclose option benefits that were never reported under section 7, which happens often in companies that paid their earliest engineers in equity and had no payroll system in place at the time to report through.
- We disclose recapture never reported when a tool, a bench instrument or a pilot-run fixture left the company as a revision changed, since a disposal that nobody wrote down does not quietly disappear on its own.
- Three gates stand in front of acceptance: you came forward unprompted, you handed over the whole picture, and the year is more than twelve months behind. We test each gate and finish the rebuild before Form RC199 is filed.
Hardware Startup Pre-Order & Inventory Check
Six questions on how your campaign and pre-order money is treated, whether a landed cost per unit exists, how prototype spending is separated, which class your tooling sits in, how option grants are recorded, and whether incorporating is overdue. No fee shown.
1. Is money taken for units not yet shipped held against the obligation rather than booked to revenue?
2. Have you settled whether your campaign receipts are deposits or prepayments?
3. Does your bill of materials produce a landed cost per unit including freight and duty?
4. Is prototype material kept separate from material going into saleable units?
5. Are tooling, bench equipment and computers in the correct capital cost classes?
6. Is your hardware startup incorporated?
Free CPA Consultation for Hardware Startups
Case Studies: Hardware Startup Accounting & Tax
Oakville IoT Sensor Startup — The Campaign Booked as Revenue
The problem: An Oakville team raised a little over $400,000 on Kickstarter for an environmental sensor and booked the whole amount to sales in the month the platform paid out. Nothing had shipped. That year closed with a large profit and tax was computed on it, while the next year, when the units went out and the component, tooling and freight bills landed, showed a loss that bore no relation to how the business had performed. The pledge terms had never been read for tax purposes either, so the HST position was simply assumed.
What we did: We brought the campaign receipt into income under paragraph 12(1)(a) and claimed the reserve paragraph 20(1)(m) permits, matched the release of that reserve to the fulfilment schedule wave by wave, read the pledge wording and refund policy against subsection 168(9) and subsection 168(1) to settle the deposit question, and amended the affected returns before CRA raised it.
The result:
- Over $400,000 of campaign money taxed in the year the units shipped
- Pledge terms tested against both the deposit and the prepayment rule
- Reserve now released against the fulfilment schedule each month
Burlington Robotics Startup — Tooling and Prototype Spend in One Line
The problem: A Burlington robotics company ran one account called research and development that carried everything: machined fixtures and a jig it owned outright, two bench instruments, a year of parts consumed on test rigs, and the parts that went into the first dozen units it sold. The fixtures and instruments were capital, the test-rig parts and the saleable units were not the same thing, and nobody could say which was which. Capital cost allowance had never been claimed on any of it.
What we did: We separated capital items from consumables, put the bench and test equipment into Class 8 and the small tools and the jig into Class 12, rebuilt the Schedule 8 pools from purchase invoices, split material consumed proving the design from material that went into units with a buyer using the build logs, and began tracking the non-capital losses deliberately.
The result:
- Capital cost allowance claimed on pools that had never been opened
- Prototype spending separated from the cost of saleable units
- Development-year losses tracked and carried forward on purpose
Cambridge Consumer Electronics Startup — A First Run Costed Wrong
The problem: A Cambridge company’s first production run of 6,000 units sat in stock at the supplier invoice price and nothing more. Ocean freight, customs duty, brokerage and inbound trucking had all been expensed in the months they were paid. The result was a cost of goods figure that was too low, a profit that read better than it was, and a bill of materials being used to set distributor and retail pricing that was missing much of what a unit had cost.
What we did: We attached freight, duty, brokerage and inbound handling to the goods they arrived with, restated closing stock on the subsection 10(1) basis of the lower of cost and fair market value, rebuilt the bill of materials to a landed cost per unit for each revision, and reset the pricing model before the second run was committed.
The result:
- A landed cost per unit built for every shipped revision
- Closing stock restated at the lower of cost and fair market value
- Distributor and retail pricing reset on a cost that was finally complete
Our clear, efficient process ensures every step is transparent, building trust and long-term client relationships.
Documents We Ask For
Prior T2 returns and notices of assessment, the campaign page and pledge terms as published, platform payouts, the bill of materials by revision, component and tooling invoices, customs paperwork, grant records and bank statements.
First Month: Cleanup and Setup
QuickBooks Online or Xero set up against your bill of materials, landed cost built into each revision, the Class 8, 10, 12 and 50 schedules rebuilt from purchase documents, and undelivered pre-orders lifted out of revenue.
The Monthly Cycle
Pre-order and campaign obligations tracked against the fulfilment schedule, landed cost updated as freight and duty arrive, prototype spending kept apart from production cost, and payroll reconciled to the PD7A.
Planning Each Quarter
Option grants and the subsection 7(1.1) position, the non-capital loss carryforward, tooling and equipment purchase timing across the classes, the reserve release against your shipping plan, and cash across the gap between funding and fulfilment.
Closing the Year
Trial balance closed, the pre-order obligation measured, stock priced against the statutory test, disposals worked through for recapture or terminal loss, statements issued, and the T2 lodged with its GIFI schedules.
Get Your Hardware Startup Taxes Done Right Today
Affordable Pricing for Hardware Startups
We believe in clear, upfront pricing so you know exactly what to expect. All fees include HST.
- Tax Preparation (Corporation) — From $400
- Tax Return Filing (Corporation) — From $400
- Tax Compliance Audit — FREE CRA audit support for our clients
- Tax Strategy — FREE for our clients
- Accounting Base Plan — From $100 per month
- Bookkeeping Management — Free for our Accounting clients
- Financial Reporting — Free for our Accounting clients
- Business Formation — Flat $35
- Incorporation Process — Flat $35
- Entity Setup Assistance — Flat $35
- Full-Service Payroll — From $125 per month
Payment is by Interac e-Transfer to info@gondaliyacpa.ca only. Security question: Not Applicable, as auto-deposit is enabled.
Meet Your Lead Hardware Startup Accountant
Two people handle your file and they do not change. The principal and the accounting specialist who set up your campaign accounting and costed your first run are the pair who prepare the T2 and run the planning review each year.
What Our Clients Say
1300+ five-star reviews from hardware, electronics and technology company owners across Ontario and Canada.
Serving Hardware Startups Across Ontario
Our CPA practice supports hardware startups and early-stage electronics companies throughout Ontario. We know why money taken for undelivered units is not revenue on receipt, why a unit costs more than its bill of materials says, and why the line between a prototype and a production unit has to be drawn while it still can be.
Toronto (ON)
55 Queen St E Ste 1205, Toronto, ON M5C 1R6, Canada
+1 (647) 212-9559
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Mississauga (ON)
2100 Camilla Rd #716, Mississauga, ON L5A 2J8
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Brampton (ON)
4 Starhill Crescent, Brampton, ON L6R 2P9, Canada
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Scarborough (ON)
24 Clementine Square, Scarborough, ON M1G 2V7, Canada
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Vaughan (ON)
19 Cabinet Crescent, Woodbridge, ON L4L 6H9, Canada
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Oshawa (ON)
210 Durham St, Oshawa, ON L1J 5R3, Canada
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Ottawa (ON)
2090 Neepawa Ave a314, Ottawa, ON K2A 3L6, Canada
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Etobicoke (ON)
60 Stevenson Rd #1601, Etobicoke, ON M9V 2B4, Canada
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Hamilton (ON)
70 Starling Dr, Hamilton, ON L9A 0C5, Canada
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Guelph (ON)
1155 Gordon St, Guelph, ON N1L 1S8, Canada
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Windsor (ON)
4387 Guppy Ct, Windsor, ON N9G 2N8, Canada
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North York (ON)
150 Graydon Hall Dr #912, North York, ON M3A 3B2, Canada
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9:00 AM – 8:30 PM (Mon – Sun)
Hardware Startup Accounting & Tax FAQs
Related Industries We Serve
Electronics Resellers
- Stock carried at a landed cost per unit
- HST on retail, distributor and online sales
- Overdue years filed and CRA letters answered
Scale-Up Companies
- Option grants and the section 7 position
- Losses carried into the profitable years
- Statements an investor will actually read
Engineering Consultants
- Design fees billed after the work is done
- Equipment and software capital pools
- T2 with quarterly planning reviews
Importers
- Components, freight and duty attached to goods
- Input tax credits on inbound costs
- Compiled statements for supplier terms
Hardware Startup Accounting & Tax Done Right.
T2 filing with money taken for undelivered units brought into income under paragraph 12(1)(a) and reserved back out under paragraph 20(1)(m), so a campaign is taxed in the year the parcels leave. Campaign receipts tested against subsection 168(9) and subsection 168(1) on their actual wording instead of assumed to be deposits. A bill of materials costed to a landed cost per unit with freight and customs duty attached to the goods, and stock valued as subsection 10(1) requires at the lower of cost and fair market value. Material consumed proving a prototype kept apart from material going into saleable units. Lab benches and test equipment in Class 8 at 20%, a vehicle in Class 10 at 30%, servers in Class 50 at 55%, small tools and a jig in Class 12 at 100%, with recapture under subsection 13(1) whenever any of it leaves. Option grants reported under section 7 with the subsection 7(1.1) deferral, 13% charged on Ontario sales, and payroll remitted on the PD7A. AFFORDABLE fixed fees quoted up front. Registered CPA firm in Ontario. 1300+ five-star reviews. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee.



